{"id":6610,"date":"2025-12-30T00:24:59","date_gmt":"2025-12-29T18:54:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/medcollegedarshan.com\/?p=6610"},"modified":"2025-12-30T00:25:04","modified_gmt":"2025-12-29T18:55:04","slug":"smoking-isnt-neutral","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/medcollegedarshan.com\/index.php\/2025\/12\/30\/smoking-isnt-neutral\/","title":{"rendered":"Smoking Isn\u2019t Gender Neutral: Why Women Face Greater Health Risks"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/medcollegedarshan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/e915c701-ac7d-483a-8cd9-036bb48b1274-1024x683.png\" alt=\"smoking\" class=\"wp-image-6611\" srcset=\"https:\/\/medcollegedarshan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/e915c701-ac7d-483a-8cd9-036bb48b1274-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/medcollegedarshan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/e915c701-ac7d-483a-8cd9-036bb48b1274-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/medcollegedarshan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/e915c701-ac7d-483a-8cd9-036bb48b1274-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/medcollegedarshan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/e915c701-ac7d-483a-8cd9-036bb48b1274.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Great question \u2014 important and often misunderstood. Below is a detailed, research-based article explaining <strong>why smoking is often more injurious to women than to men<\/strong>, with mechanisms, key facts and data, and clinical\/public-health implications.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rank-math-toc-block\" id=\"rank-math-toc\"><h2>Table of Contents<\/h2><nav><ul><li><a href=\"#why-smoking-is-often-worse-for-women-than-men-a-research-based-look\">Why smoking is often worse for women<\/a><ul><li><a href=\"#short-answer\">Short answer :<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#1-big-picture-how-large-is-the-tobacco-burden\">1) Big picture: <\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#2-clear-examples-where-women-are-disproportionately-affected\">2) Clear examples where women are disproportionately affected<\/a><ul><\/ul><\/li><li><a href=\"#3-why-are-women-often-more-vulnerable-mechanisms\">3) Why are women often more vulnerable? (Mechanisms)<\/a><ul><\/ul><\/li><li><a href=\"#4-evidence-highlights-and-numbers-selected-findings\">4) Evidence highlights and numbers (selected findings)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#5-clinical-and-public-health-implications\">5) Clinical and public-health implications<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#6-practical-advice-for-clinicians-and-smokers\">6) Practical advice for clinicians and smokers<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#7-limitations-and-ongoing-scientific-debate\">7) Limitations and ongoing scientific debate<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#8-bottom-line\">8) Bottom line<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"why-smoking-is-often-worse-for-women-than-men-a-research-based-look\">Why smoking is often worse for women<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"short-answer\">Short answer :<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Although tobacco harms everyone, a large body of evidence shows that for several major outcomes \u2014 especially <strong>cardiovascular disease (CVD)<\/strong>, <strong>chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)<\/strong>, some measures of lung-damage and <strong>reproductive<\/strong> outcomes \u2014 the <em>magnitude<\/em> of harm per unit of tobacco exposure is often larger in women than in men. Biological differences (hormones, metabolism, airway size and susceptibility), differing smoking patterns and social\/behavioral factors combine to produce that effect. (<a href=\"https:\/\/globalheartjournal.com\/articles\/10.5334\/gh.1485?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Global Heart<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"1-big-picture-how-large-is-the-tobacco-burden\">1) Big picture: <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Tobacco remains one of the world\u2019s leading preventable causes of death. Recent global analyses report <strong>&gt;7 million deaths annually from tobacco exposure<\/strong> (including direct smoking and secondhand exposure), with millions of men and women affected; trends show large absolute burdens in men but growing or slower declines among women in some regions. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/tobacco?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">World Health Organization<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"2-clear-examples-where-women-are-disproportionately-affected\">2) Clear examples where women are disproportionately affected<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"a-cardiovascular-disease-heart-attacks-stroke\">A. Cardiovascular disease (heart attacks, stroke)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Multiple large reviews and meta-analyses report that <strong>female smokers experience a greater relative increase in coronary heart disease (CHD) risk than male smokers<\/strong>, even after adjusting for traditional risk factors. One influential synthesis found female smokers had roughly <strong>~25% higher relative risk<\/strong> of coronary heart disease than male smokers with comparable exposure. This means the same smoking dose appears to raise women&#8217;s CHD risk more. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrcardio.2011.134?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nature<\/a>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"619\" src=\"https:\/\/medcollegedarshan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image-7.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6612\" srcset=\"https:\/\/medcollegedarshan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image-7.png 800w, https:\/\/medcollegedarshan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image-7-300x232.png 300w, https:\/\/medcollegedarshan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image-7-768x594.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Mechanistic notes:<\/strong> smoking worsens endothelial function, increases inflammation, promotes thrombosis and dyslipidemia \u2014 and female vascular biology (influenced by sex hormones and endothelial responses) appears to amplify some of these effects. (<a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC7399440\/?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PMC<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"b-chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-copd-and-lung-function-decline\">B. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung-function decline<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Studies show women can develop <strong>more severe COPD at lower cumulative tobacco exposure<\/strong> (fewer pack-years) and exhibit faster loss of lung function in some settings. Reviews conclude women may be more susceptible to smoking-related lung damage, and in many countries the rate of COPD in women has been rising as women\u2019s smoking prevalence changed. (<a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC8191512\/?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PMC<\/a>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"c-reproductive-harms-fertility-pregnancy-offspring\">C. Reproductive harms (fertility, pregnancy, offspring)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Smoking in women is strongly linked to <strong>fertility problems, increased time to conceive, ectopic pregnancy, miscarriages, low birth weight, preterm birth, stillbirth and sudden infant death syndrome<\/strong>. These are direct, well-established harms with major public-health consequences. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/tobacco\/about\/cigarettes-and-reproductive-health.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CDC<\/a>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"d-cancer-complex-picture-lung-cancer-and-others\">D. Cancer \u2014 complex picture (lung cancer and others)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Smoking is the dominant risk factor for lung cancer in both sexes. Whether women are biologically <em>more<\/em> susceptible to tobacco-caused lung cancer has been debated: some meta-analyses show similar relative risks between sexes, while other analyses and particular datasets suggest women may have higher risks at lower doses for certain histologic types. The balance of evidence is mixed for lung cancer specifically, but smoking unquestionably causes the vast majority of lung cancers in both women and men. (<a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC3296911\/?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PMC<\/a>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"3-why-are-women-often-more-vulnerable-mechanisms\">3) Why are women often more vulnerable? (Mechanisms)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Several interacting biological and behavioral reasons account for greater harms in many outcomes:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"a-sex-hormones-and-nicotine-carcinogen-metabolism\">a) Sex hormones and nicotine\/carcinogen metabolism<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Women metabolize nicotine faster<\/strong> (on average) than men, largely because estrogen upregulates the liver enzyme CYP2A6. Faster nicotine clearance can influence smoking behavior (e.g., puffing patterns, dependence) and affect internal exposure to tobacco-derived carcinogens and toxins. Oral contraceptives and exogenous estrogens further accelerate nicotine metabolism. (<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/16678549\/?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PubMed<\/a>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"b-smaller-airways-and-lung-physiology\">b) Smaller airways and lung physiology<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Women have smaller airway diameters and different airway geometry relative to lung size; the same inhaled dose may deposit differently or produce higher local concentrations of toxins in airway walls, potentially increasing vulnerability to airway inflammation and COPD.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"c-vascular-endothelial-responses-and-inflammation\">c) Vascular\/endothelial responses and inflammation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Smoking triggers endothelial dysfunction, platelet activation and proinflammatory changes. There is evidence female vascular biology (hormone-modulated) can react in ways that magnify some of these smoking-induced cardiovascular harms, which helps explain higher relative CHD risk in female smokers. (<a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC7399440\/?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PMC<\/a>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"d-genetic-enzymatic-and-immunologic-differences\">d) Genetic, enzymatic and immunologic differences<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Variations in genes (including those affecting CYP enzymes), immune system differences and differential susceptibility to oxidative stress may contribute to sex differences in disease risk after tobacco exposure. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-98883-z?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nature<\/a>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"4-evidence-highlights-and-numbers-selected-findings\">4) Evidence highlights and numbers (selected findings)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Cardiovascular disease:<\/strong> Meta-analyses across millions of people show female smokers have <strong>~25% higher relative risk of coronary heart disease<\/strong> than male smokers with similar exposure. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrcardio.2011.134?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nature<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>COPD &amp; lung function:<\/strong> Multiple studies and reviews report <strong>earlier onset and\/or more severe lung-function decline in women<\/strong> for a given smoking exposure; some contemporary studies indicate higher COPD risk in women aged \u226540 in certain cohorts. (<a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC8191512\/?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PMC<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Nicotine metabolism:<\/strong> Pharmacokinetic studies show <strong>nicotine and cotinine clearance is higher in women<\/strong> than men; use of estrogen-containing contraceptives increases clearance further. This affects both addiction\/treatment responses and possibly carcinogen activation. (<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/16678549\/?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PubMed<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Reproductive &amp; perinatal outcomes:<\/strong> Clear causal links exist between maternal smoking and <strong>reduced fertility, miscarriage, preterm birth, low birth weight and stillbirth<\/strong>. Public health agencies (CDC, Surgeon General, WHO) document these outcomes. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/tobacco\/about\/cigarettes-and-reproductive-health.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CDC<\/a>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><em>(Note: studies differ in methods, populations and measures; some cancer studies report comparable lung-cancer relative risks across sexes while others find differences by histology or dose. The overall message: smoking is deadly for all \u2014 but in many domains women show equal or greater vulnerability.)<\/em> (<a href=\"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/content\/8\/10\/e021611?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">BMJ Open<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"772\" height=\"999\" src=\"https:\/\/medcollegedarshan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image-8.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6613\" srcset=\"https:\/\/medcollegedarshan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image-8.png 772w, https:\/\/medcollegedarshan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image-8-232x300.png 232w, https:\/\/medcollegedarshan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image-8-768x994.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 772px) 100vw, 772px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"5-clinical-and-public-health-implications\">5) Clinical and public-health implications<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Urgent need to prioritize cessation in women<\/strong> \u2014 especially during reproductive age and for women with other CVD risk factors. Treatments may need tailoring because nicotine metabolism differs by sex and use of hormonal therapies. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2772632024000394?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ScienceDirect<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Screening and earlier recognition<\/strong> \u2014 clinicians should have a low threshold to evaluate respiratory symptoms and CVD risk in women who smoke, even at lower pack-year histories. (<a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC8191512\/?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PMC<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Pregnancy and preconception care<\/strong> \u2014 smoking cessation must be a staple of prenatal and family-planning services because of demonstrable harms to fertility and offspring. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/tobacco\/about\/cigarettes-and-reproductive-health.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CDC<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Gender-sensitive tobacco control<\/strong> \u2014 tobacco control policies and cessation programs should consider gendered factors (marketing targeted to women, social determinants, access to female-friendly services).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"6-practical-advice-for-clinicians-and-smokers\">6) Practical advice for clinicians and smokers<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>All smokers should be offered evidence-based cessation<\/strong>: counseling plus pharmacotherapy (NRT, varenicline, bupropion) as appropriate. Be aware faster nicotine metabolism in many women can influence optimal medication choice\/dose and response \u2014 e.g., faster metabolizers may benefit more from non-nicotine pharmacotherapy in some trials. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2772632024000394?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ScienceDirect<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>If pregnant or planning pregnancy:<\/strong> quitting smoking is the single most important change to improve pregnancy outcomes. Refer to specialized cessation support for pregnant women. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/tobacco\/campaign\/tips\/diseases\/pregnancy.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CDC<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Assess cardiovascular risk aggressively<\/strong> in female smokers and treat other modifiable risks (BP, lipids, diabetes) promptly. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrcardio.2011.134?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nature<\/a>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"7-limitations-and-ongoing-scientific-debate\">7) Limitations and ongoing scientific debate<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Not every study shows identical sex differences across all outcomes. For example, lung-cancer susceptibility by sex has produced mixed findings depending on population, histologic subtype and methods. However, for <strong>CVD, COPD, reproductive outcomes and nicotine metabolism<\/strong> the evidence for greater harm or different patterns in women is strong and consistent across multiple reviews. (<a href=\"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/content\/8\/10\/e021611?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">BMJ Open<\/a>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"8-bottom-line\">8) Bottom line<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Smoking is extremely harmful for both sexes, but for multiple major health outcomes women can suffer greater harm from the same level of tobacco exposure.<\/strong> This is driven by biological differences (hormones, metabolism, airway\/vascular biology), plus social and behavior factors. The evidence justifies gender-sensitive prevention, targeted cessation support for women (especially during reproductive years), and clinician vigilance for cardiovascular and respiratory disease in female smokers. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrcardio.2011.134?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nature<\/a>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"key-sources-selected\">Key sources (selected)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>WHO \u2014 Tobacco fact sheet. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/tobacco?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">World Health Organization<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Global reviews \/ cardiology analyses showing higher relative CVD risk in women who smoke (systematic reviews\/meta-analyses). (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nrcardio.2011.134?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nature<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>BMJ and other large meta-analyses on smoking dose\u2013response and sex differences. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bmj.com\/content\/360\/bmj.j5855?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">BMJ<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>CDC pages on reproductive and pregnancy harms of smoking. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/tobacco\/about\/cigarettes-and-reproductive-health.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CDC<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pharmacokinetic studies showing faster nicotine metabolism in women (Benowitz et al.). (<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/16678549\/?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PubMed<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Reviews on gender differences in COPD susceptibility. (<a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC8191512\/?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PMC<\/a>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>For more updates, follow\u00a0<\/strong>us on\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/home\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">X (Twitter)<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Instagram<\/a>\u00a0&amp;\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/people\/Med-College-Darshan\/61559007482232\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Facebook<\/a>. And our website\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/medcollegedarshan.com\/\">MED COLLEGE DARSHAN<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Great question \u2014 important and often misunderstood. Below is a detailed, research-based article explaining why smoking is often more injurious to women than to men, with mechanisms, key facts and data, and clinical\/public-health implications. Why smoking is often worse for women Short answer : Although tobacco harms everyone, a large body of evidence shows that [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":6611,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"saved_in_kubio":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_glsr_average":0,"_glsr_ranking":0,"_glsr_reviews":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[1424,1423,849,1425,1422,1421],"class_list":["post-6610","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-treding","tag-effect-of-smoking-in-females","tag-harmful-effects-of-smoking","tag-smoking","tag-smoking-in-girls","tag-smoking-in-women","tag-why-smoking-is-often-more-injurious-to-women-than-to-men"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/medcollegedarshan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6610","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/medcollegedarshan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/medcollegedarshan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/medcollegedarshan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/medcollegedarshan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6610"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/medcollegedarshan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6610\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6614,"href":"https:\/\/medcollegedarshan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6610\/revisions\/6614"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/medcollegedarshan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6611"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/medcollegedarshan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6610"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/medcollegedarshan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6610"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/medcollegedarshan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6610"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}